Beschreibung:
<jats:p>With an increasing need for secured water supply, a better understanding of the water consumption behavior is beneficial. This can be achieved through end-use classification, i.e., identifying end-uses such as toilets, showers or dishwashers from water consumption data. Previously, both supervised and unsupervised machine learning (ML) techniques are employed, demonstrating accurate classification results on particular datasets. However, a comprehensive comparison of ML techniques on a common dataset is still missing. Hence, in this study, we are aiming at a quantitative evaluation of various ML techniques on a common dataset. For this purpose, a stochastic water consumption simulation tool with high capability to model the real-world water consumption pattern is applied to generate residential data. Subsequently, unsupervised clustering methods, such as dynamic time warping, k-means, DBSCAN, OPTICS and Hough transform, are compared to supervised methods based on SVM. The quantitative results demonstrate that supervised approaches are capable to classify common residential end-uses (toilet, shower, faucet, dishwasher, washing machine, bathtub and mixed water-uses) with accuracies up to 0.99, whereas unsupervised methods fail to detect those consumption categories. In conclusion, clustering techniques alone are not suitable to separate end-use categories fully automatically. Hence, accurate labels are essential for the end-use classification of water events, where crowdsourcing and citizen science approaches pose feasible solutions for this purpose.</jats:p>