Description:
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>
<jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>
<jats:p>To better understand the side effects of fixed lingual retainers by means of an in vitro study in a two-tooth model determining the three-dimensional (3D) force–moment components acting at adjacent teeth combined with different composite–wire interfaces.</jats:p>
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<jats:title>Methods</jats:title>
<jats:p>Triple-stranded round retainer wires were embedded in cured disks of flowable composite. At one side the composite–wire interface was untreated and checked to be absolutely fix. At the other side the composite–wire interface was configured as either an isolated compound with (1) petroleum jelly coating, or an adhered compound with (2) no manipulation, (3) ethanol degreasing or (4) ethanol degreasing and rectangular bending of the wire ends. The 3D force–moment components were registered, while the intertooth distance was increased in steps of 0.01 mm leading to increasing tension of the wire. Measurements were repeated after artificially aging the specimens.</jats:p>
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<jats:title>Results</jats:title>
<jats:p>Retainer wire specimens with adhered compound (2, 3, 4) showed negative vestibulo-oral moments ranging maximally each between −0.3 and −0.9 Nmm in opposite direction to positive moments of 1.9 Nmm for specimens with isolated compound 1. Significant tipping moments occurred in the group with isolated compound at lower forces than in those groups with adhered compound. Similar effects were observed after artificial aging.</jats:p>
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<jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>
<jats:p>Side effects emerge under specific circumstances: an altered adhesive compound combined with the presence of oral forces. Compounds with lost adhesion at the composite–wire interface showed rotational moments in the direction of the wire windings even during low tensile forces similar to those that may occur in clinical settings. Opposite rotational moments leading to unwinding of the wire may occur in cases with adhered compounds at higher tensile forces. Utilization of round triple-stranded retainer wires without bent ends are of higher risk to induce inadvertent side effects.</jats:p>
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